Cerebral Palsy, Spastic — Stretching in Children and Adolescents With Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Citation(s)
Barber L, Barrett R, Lichtwark G Medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicle active torque-length and Achilles tendon properties in young adults with spastic cerebral palsy. J Biomech. 2012 Oct 11;45(15):2526-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.07.018. Epub 2012 Aug 3.
Lee WY, Park GY, Kwon DR Comparison of treatment effects between children with spastic cerebral palsy under and over five years after botulinum toxin type a injection. Ann Rehabil Med. 2014 Apr;38(2):200-8. doi: 10.5535/arm.2014.38.2.200. Epub 2014 Apr 29.
Sharman MJ, Cresswell AG, Riek S Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching : mechanisms and clinical implications. Sports Med. 2006;36(11):929-39. Review.
Wiart L, Darrah J, Kembhavi G Stretching with children with cerebral palsy: what do we know and where are we going? Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008 Summer;20(2):173-8. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0b013e3181728a8c. Review.
Zhou Z, Sun Y, Wang N, Gao F, Wei K, Wang Q Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation of Ankle Plantar Flexors Spasticity: A 3-Month Study with Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation. Front Neurorobot. 2016 Nov 14;10:16. eCollection 2016.
Zhou Z, Zhou Y, Wang N, Gao F, Wang L, Wei K, Wang Q Changes of Achilles tendon properties via 12-week PNF based robotic rehabilitation of ankle joints with spasticity and/or contracture. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2014;2014:1214-7. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6943815.
Stretching in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
