Onea AS, Jazirehi AR CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CD19 CAR)-redirected adoptive T-cell immunotherapy for the treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas. Am J Cancer Res. 2016 Jan 15;6(2):403-24. eCollection 2016. Review.
Park JH, Geyer MB, Brentjens RJ CD19-targeted CAR T-cell therapeutics for hematologic malignancies: interpreting clinical outcomes to date. Blood. 2016 Jun 30;127(26):3312-20. doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-629063. Epub 2016 May 20. Review.
Raetz EA, Bhatla T Where do we stand in the treatment of relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:129-36. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.129. Review.
Ramos CA, Heslop HE, Brenner MK CAR-T Cell Therapy for Lymphoma. Annu Rev Med. 2016;67:165-83. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-051914-021702. Epub 2015 Aug 26. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
