Holland E, Lane S, Horn JD, Ernest P, Arleo R, Miller KM The AcrySof Toric intraocular lens in subjects with cataracts and corneal astigmatism: a randomized, subject-masked, parallel-group, 1-year study. Ophthalmology. 2010 Nov;117(11):2104-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.033. Epub 2010 Sep 16.
Jung NY, Lim DH, Hwang SS, Hyun J, Chung TY Comparison of clinical outcomes of toric intraocular lens, Precizon vs Tecnis: a single center randomized controlled trial. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018 Nov 9;18(1):292. doi: 10.1186/s12886-018-0955-3.
Novis C Astigmatism and toric intraocular lenses. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2000 Feb;11(1):47-50. doi: 10.1097/00055735-200002000-00007.
Rastogi A, Khanam S, Goel Y; Kamlesh; Thacker P, Kumar P Comparative evaluation of rotational stability and visual outcome of toric intraocular lenses with and without a capsular tension ring. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018 Mar;66(3):411-415. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_875_17.
Safran SG Use of Capsular Tension Ring to Prevent Early Post-operative Rotation of a Toric Intraocular Lens in High Axial Myopia. JCRS Online Case reports. 2015.
Sagiv O, Sachs D Rotation stability of a toric intraocular lens with a second capsular tension ring. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015 May;41(5):1098-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2015.04.004. Epub 2015 Apr 28.
Shah GD, Praveen MR, Vasavada AR, Vasavada VA, Rampal G, Shastry LR Rotational stability of a toric intraocular lens: influence of axial length and alignment in the capsular bag. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012 Jan;38(1):54-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.08.028. Epub 2011 Nov 4.
Shimizu K, Misawa A, Suzuki Y Toric intraocular lenses: correcting astigmatism while controlling axis shift. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1994 Sep;20(5):523-6. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80232-5.
Zhao Y, Li J, Yang K, Li X, Zhu S Combined Special Capsular Tension Ring and Toric IOL Implantation for Management of Astigmatism and High Axial Myopia with Cataracts. Semin Ophthalmol. 2018;33(3):389-394. doi: 10.1080/08820538.2016.1247181. Epub 2016 Dec 22.
The Investigation of Capsular Tension Rings in Intraocular Lens Rotation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.