Becker KA, Auffarth GU, Völcker HE [Measurement method for the determination of rotation and decentration of intraocular lenses]. Ophthalmologe. 2004 Jun;101(6):600-3. German.
Entabi M, Harman F, Lee N, Bloom PA Injectable 1-piece hydrophilic acrylic toric intraocular lens for cataract surgery: efficacy and stability. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011 Feb;37(2):235-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.08.040.
Hoffer KJ Biometry of 7,500 cataractous eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980 Sep;90(3):360-8.
Tehrani M, Dick HB Incisional keratotomy to toric intraocular lenses: an overview of the correction of astigmatism in cataract and refractive surgery. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2003 Summer;43(3):43-52. Review.
Examination of Rayner T-flex Toric Intra-Ocular Lens for Spherical and Astigmatic Correction, and Rotational Stability
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
