Cardiovascular Diseases — Music as Intervention Nursing in Ambulances
Citation(s)
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Heidari S, Babaii A, Abbasinia M, Shamali M, Abbasi M, Rezaei M The Effect of Music on Anxiety and Cardiovascular Indices in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015 Dec;4(4):e31157. doi: 10.17795/nmsjournal31157. Epub 2015 Dec 1.
Hole J, Hirsch M, Ball E, Meads C Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015 Oct 24;386(10004):1659-71. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60169-6. Epub 2015 Aug 12. Erratum In: Lancet. 2015 Oct 24;386(10004):1630.
Liang Z, Ren D, Choi J, Happ MB, Hravnak M, Hoffman LA Music intervention during daily weaning trials-A 6 day prospective randomized crossover trial. Complement Ther Med. 2016 Dec;29:72-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.09.003. Epub 2016 Sep 15.
Maeyama A, Kodaka M, Miyao H [Effect of the music-therapy under spinal anesthesia]. Masui. 2009 Jun;58(6):684-91. Japanese.
McClurkin SL, Smith CD The Duration of Self-Selected Music Needed to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety. J Perianesth Nurs. 2016 Jun;31(3):196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2014.05.017. Epub 2016 Feb 24.
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"Effects of Music Intervention Nursing in Advanced Life Support Ambulances: a Randomised Trial"
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
