British Heart Foundation (2015). The National Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation Annual Statistical Report 2015. London. Retrieved from http://www.cardiacrehabilitation.org.uk/docs/2007.pdf
British Thoracic Society (BTS) (2013). BTS Guideline on Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Adults. An International Journal of Respiratory Medicine, 68(2), ii1-31. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203808
Chan DK, Lonsdale C, Ho PY, Yung PS, Chan KM Patient motivation and adherence to postsurgery rehabilitation exercise recommendations: the influence of physiotherapists' autonomy-supportive behaviors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Dec;90(12):1977-82. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.05.024.
Deci, E L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
Hardcastle SJ, Fortier M, Blake N, Hagger MS Identifying content-based and relational techniques to change behaviour in motivational interviewing. Health Psychol Rev. 2017 Mar;11(1):1-16. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2016.1190659. Epub 2016 Jun 2.
Hospes G, Bossenbroek L, Ten Hacken NH, van Hengel P, de Greef MH Enhancement of daily physical activity increases physical fitness of outclinic COPD patients: results of an exercise counseling program. Patient Educ Couns. 2009 May;75(2):274-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.10.005. Epub 2008 Nov 25.
Ntoumanis N, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Quested E, Hancox J The effects of training group exercise class instructors to adopt a motivationally adaptive communication style. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017 Sep;27(9):1026-1034. doi: 10.1111/sms.12713. Epub 2016 Jun 10.
Prestwich, A , Webb, T. L., & Conner, M. (2015). Using theory to develop and test interventions to promote changes in health behaviour: Evidence, issues, and recommendations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 5(February), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.011
Rahman RJ, Thogersen-Ntoumani C, Thatcher J, Doust J Changes in need satisfaction and motivation orientation as predictors of psychological and behavioural outcomes in exercise referral. Psychol Health. 2011 Nov;26(11):1521-39. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2010.538849. Epub 2011 Jun 16.
Russell KL, Bray SR Promoting self-determined motivation for exercise in cardiac rehabilitation: the role of autonomy support. Rehabil Psychol. 2010 Feb;55(1):74-80. doi: 10.1037/a0018416.
Singh SJ, Smith DL, Hyland ME, Morgan MD A short outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme: immediate and longer-term effects on exercise performance and quality of life. Respir Med. 1998 Sep;92(9):1146-54.
Teixeira PJ, Carraça EV, Markland D, Silva MN, Ryan RM Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012 Jun 22;9:78. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-78. Review.
The Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (2015). Exercise: The miracle cure and the role of the doctor in promoting it. Report from the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. London. Retrieved from http://www.aomrc.org.uk
Yohannes AM, Doherty P, Bundy C, Yalfani A The long-term benefits of cardiac rehabilitation on depression, anxiety, physical activity and quality of life. J Clin Nurs. 2010 Oct;19(19-20):2806-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03313.x. Epub 2010 Aug 24.
A Single-Centre, Feasibility Study to Promote Physical Activity Uptake and Adherence in Cardiac and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
