Cardiovascular Diseases — Study on the Clinical Course Of Pulmonary Embolism
Citation(s)
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Klok FA, van Kralingen KW, van Dijk AP, Heyning FH, Vliegen HW, Huisman MV Prospective cardiopulmonary screening program to detect chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in patients after acute pulmonary embolism. Haematologica. 2010 Jun;95(6):970-5. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2009.018960. Epub 2010 Jan 6.
Korkmaz A, Ozlu T, Ozsu S, Kazaz Z, Bulbul Y Long-term outcomes in acute pulmonary thromboembolism: the incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and associated risk factors. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2012 Jun;18(3):281-8. doi: 10.1177/1076029611431956. Epub 2012 Jan 23.
Lang IM, Pesavento R, Bonderman D, Yuan JX Risk factors and basic mechanisms of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a current understanding. Eur Respir J. 2013 Feb;41(2):462-8. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00049312. Epub 2012 Jun 14. Review.
Ley S, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Pitton MB, Schneider J, Wirth GM, Mayer E, Düber C, Kreitner KF Diagnostic performance of state-of-the-art imaging techniques for morphological assessment of vascular abnormalities in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Eur Radiol. 2012 Mar;22(3):607-16. doi: 10.1007/s00330-011-2290-4. Epub 2011 Sep 27.
Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 27;364(4):351-60. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0910203. Review.
Poli D, Grifoni E, Antonucci E, Arcangeli C, Prisco D, Abbate R, Miniati M Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism and of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in patients after a first episode of pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2010 Oct;30(3):294-9. doi: 10.1007/s11239-010-0452-x.
Poli D, Miniati M The incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension following a first episode of pulmonary embolism. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2011 Sep;17(5):392-7. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e328349289a. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
