Cardiovascular Diseases — Thrombotic, Inflammatory & Gene Markers of CVD in Women
Citation(s)
Albert MA, Glynn RJ, Buring J, Ridker PM C-reactive protein levels among women of various ethnic groups living in the United States (from the Women's Health Study). Am J Cardiol. 2004 May 15;93(10):1238-42.
Blake GJ, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM Blood pressure, C-reactive protein, and risk of future cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2003 Dec 16;108(24):2993-9. Epub 2003 Nov 24. Erratum in: Circulation. 2007 May 22;115(20):e537.
Pradhan AD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Ridker PM C-reactive protein is independently associated with fasting insulin in nondiabetic women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Apr 1;23(4):650-5. Epub 2003 Mar 6.
Pradhan AD, Rifai N, Ridker PM Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, and the development of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in men. Circulation. 2002 Aug 13;106(7):820-5.
Ridker PM, Bassuk SS, Toth PP C-reactive protein and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and clinical application. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003 Sep;5(5):341-9. Review.
Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):391-7.
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 14;347(20):1557-65.
Ridker PM Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):363-9. Review.
Zee RY, Bates D, Ridker PM A prospective evaluation of the CD14 and CD18 gene polymorphisms and risk of stroke. Stroke. 2002 Apr;33(4):892-5.
Zee RY, Hegener HH, Cook NR, Ridker PM C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a haplotype-based analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Aug;2(8):1240-3.
Zee RY, Lunze K, Lindpaintner K, Ridker PM A prospective evaluation of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist intron 2 gene polymorphism and the risk of myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Nov;86(5):1141-3.
Zee RY, Ridker PM, Cook NR Prospective evaluation of the alcohol dehydrogenase gamma1/gamma2 gene polymorphism and risk of stroke. Stroke. 2004 Feb;35(2):e39-42. Epub 2004 Jan 15.
Zee RY, Ridker PM Polymorphism in the human C-reactive protein (CRP) gene, plasma concentrations of CRP, and the risk of future arterial thrombosis. Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):217-9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
