Cardiovascular Diseases — Inflammation, Infection, and Future Cardiovascular Risk
Citation(s)
Albert MA, Rifai N, Ridker PM Plasma levels of cystatin-C and mannose binding protein are not associated with risk of developing systemic atherosclerosis. Vasc Med. 2001;6(3):145-9.
Blake GJ, Dada N, Fox JC, Manson JE, Ridker PM A prospective evaluation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) levels and the risk of future cardiovascular events in women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Nov 1;38(5):1302-6.
Blake GJ, Otvos JD, Rifai N, Ridker PM Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation. 2002 Oct 8;106(15):1930-7.
Blake GJ, Ridker PM High sensitivity C-reactive protein for predicting cardiovascular disease: an inflammatory hypothesis. Eur Heart J. 2001 Mar;22(5):349-52.
Blake GJ, Schmitz C, Lindpaintner K, Ridker PM Mutation in the promoter region of the beta-fibrinogen gene and the risk of future myocardial infarction, stroke and venous thrombosis. Eur Heart J. 2001 Dec;22(24):2262-6.
Pradhan AD, Rifai N, Ridker PM Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, and the development of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in men. Circulation. 2002 Aug 13;106(7):820-5.
Redberg RF, Rifai N, Gee L, Ridker PM Lack of association of C-reactive protein and coronary calcium by electron beam computed tomography in postmenopausal women: implications for coronary artery disease screening. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Jul;36(1):39-43.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Kundsin R, Shih J Baseline IgG antibody titers to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus and the risk for cardiovascular disease in women. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Oct 19;131(8):573-7.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 23;342(12):836-43.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ, Wang F Prospective study of herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and the risk of future myocardial infarction and stroke. Circulation. 1998 Dec 22-29;98(25):2796-9.
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 2000 Apr 18;101(15):1767-72.
Rifai N, Tracy RP, Ridker PM Clinical efficacy of an automated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein assay. Clin Chem. 1999 Dec;45(12):2136-41.
Zee RY, Bates D, Ridker PM A prospective evaluation of the CD14 and CD18 gene polymorphisms and risk of stroke. Stroke. 2002 Apr;33(4):892-5.
Zee RY, Bates D, Ridker PM A prospective evaluation of the heat shock protein 70 gene polymorphisms and the risk of stroke. Thromb Haemost. 2002 Apr;87(4):622-5.
Zee RY, Hegener HH, Cook NR, Ridker PM C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a haplotype-based analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Aug;2(8):1240-3.
Zee RY, Lunze K, Lindpaintner K, Ridker PM A prospective evaluation of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist intron 2 gene polymorphism and the risk of myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Nov;86(5):1141-3.
Zee RY, Ridker PM Polymorphism in the human C-reactive protein (CRP) gene, plasma concentrations of CRP, and the risk of future arterial thrombosis. Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):217-9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
