Cardiovascular Diseases — Clinical Course of Coronary Artery Disease Among Blacks
Citation(s)
Castaner A, Simmons BE, Mar M, Cooper R Myocardial infarction among black patients: poor prognosis after hospital discharge. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Jul 1;109(1):33-5.
Cooper RS, Liao Y, Rotimi C Is hypertension more severe among U.S. blacks, or is severe hypertension more common? Ann Epidemiol. 1996 May;6(3):173-80.
Cooper RS, Simmons BE, Castaner A, Santhanam V, Ghali J, Mar M Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with worse survival independent of ventricular function and number of coronary arteries severely narrowed. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Feb 15;65(7):441-5.
Ghali JK, Liao Y, Cooper RS, Cao G Changes in pulmonary hemodynamics with aging in a predominantly hypertensive population. Am J Cardiol. 1992 Aug 1;70(3):367-70.
Ghali JK, Liao Y, Cooper RS Influence of left ventricular geometric patterns on prognosis in patients with or without coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Jun;31(7):1635-40.
Liao Y, Cooper RS, Ghali JK, Szocka A Survival rates with coronary artery disease for black women compared with black men. JAMA. 1992 Oct 14;268(14):1867-71. Erratum in: JAMA 1993 Feb 17;269(7):870.
Liao Y, Cooper RS, McGee DL, Mensah GA, Ghali JK The relative effects of left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, and ventricular dysfunction on survival among black adults. JAMA. 1995 May 24-31;273(20):1592-7.
Liao Y, Cooper RS, Mensah GA, McGee DL Left ventricular hypertrophy has a greater impact on survival in women than in men. Circulation. 1995 Aug 15;92(4):805-10.
Liao Y, Ghali JK, Berzins L, Cooper RS Coronary angiographic findings in African-American and white patients from a single institution. J Natl Med Assoc. 2001 Dec;93(12):465-74.
Mensah GA, Barkey NL, Cooper RS Spectrum of hypertensive target organ damage in Africa: a review of published studies. J Hum Hypertens. 1994 Nov;8(11):799-808. Review.
Roig E, Castaner A, Simmons B, Patel R, Ford E, Cooper R In-hospital mortality rates from acute myocardial infarction by race in U.S. hospitals: findings from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Circulation. 1987 Aug;76(2):280-8.
Simmons BE, Castaner A, Campo A, Ferlinz J, Mar M, Cooper R Coronary artery disease in blacks of lower socioeconomic status: angiographic findings from the Cook County Hospital Heart Disease Registry. Am Heart J. 1988 Jul;116(1 Pt 1):90-7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
