Barzilay JI, Kronmal RA, Bittner V, Eaker E, Evans C, Foster ED Coronary artery disease in diabetic patients with lower-extremity arterial disease: disease characteristics and survival. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. Diabetes Care. 1997 Sep;20(9):1381-7.
Bruce RA, Fisher LD, Pettinger M, Weiner DA, Chaitman BR ST segment elevation with exercise: a marker for poor ventricular function and poor prognosis. Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) confirmation of Seattle Heart Watch results. Circulation. 1988 Apr;77(4):897-905.
Buffington CW, Davis KB, Gillispie S, Pettinger M The prevalence of steal-prone coronary anatomy in patients with coronary artery disease: an analysis of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry. Anesthesiology. 1988 Nov;69(5):721-7.
Cameron A, Davis KB, Green G, Schaff HV Coronary bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery grafts--effects on survival over a 15-year period. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jan 25;334(4):216-9.
Cameron AA, Davis KB, Rogers WJ Recurrence of angina after coronary artery bypass surgery: predictors and prognosis (CASS Registry). Coronary Artery Surgery Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Oct;26(4):895-9.
Cavender JB, Rogers WJ, Fisher LD, Gersh BJ, Coggin CJ, Myers WO Effects of smoking on survival and morbidity in patients randomized to medical or surgical therapy in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): 10-year follow-up. CASS Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Aug;20(2):287-94.
Davis KB, Alderman EL, Kosinski AS, Passamani E, Kennedy JW Early mortality of acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without prior coronary revascularization surgery. A Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry Study. Circulation. 1992 Jun;85(6):2100-9.
Davis KB, Chaitman B, Ryan T, Bittner V, Kennedy JW Comparison of 15-year survival for men and women after initial medical or surgical treatment for coronary artery disease: a CASS registry study. Coronary Artery Surgery Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Apr;25(5):1000-9.
Eagle KA, Rihal CS, Foster ED, Mickel MC, Gersh BJ Long-term survival in patients with coronary artery disease: importance of peripheral vascular disease. The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Apr;23(5):1091-5.
Eaker ED, Kronmal R, Kennedy JW, Davis K Comparison of the long-term, postsurgical survival of women and men in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). Am Heart J. 1989 Jan;117(1):71-81.
Ellis S, Alderman E, Cain K, Fisher L, Sanders W, Bourassa M Prediction of risk of anterior myocardial infarction by lesion severity and measurement method of stenoses in the left anterior descending coronary distribution: a CASS Registry Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988 May;11(5):908-16.
Ellis S, Alderman EL, Cain K, Wright A, Bourassa M, Fisher L Morphology of left anterior descending coronary territory lesions as a predictor of anterior myocardial infarction: a CASS Registry Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Jun;13(7):1481-91.
Epstein AE, Davis KB, Kay GN, Plumb VJ, Rogers WJ Significance of ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating cardiac catheterization: a CASS Registry Study. Am Heart J. 1990 Mar;119(3 Pt 1):494-502.
Fisher LD, Maynard C, Rademaker AW, Alderman EL, Mock M Age variation in the association between angiographic coronary disease and angina from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). Int J Cardiol. 1989 Sep;24(3):317-26.
Foster ED, Davis KB, Carpenter JA, Abele S, Fray D Risk of noncardiac operation in patients with defined coronary disease: The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986 Jan;41(1):42-50.
Foster ED, Fisher LD, Kaiser GC, Myers WO Comparison of operative mortality and morbidity for initial and repeat coronary artery bypass grafting: The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984 Dec;38(6):563-70.
Frye RL, Kronmal R, Schaff HV, Myers WO, Gersh BJ Stroke in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: an analysis of the CASS experience. The participants in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Int J Cardiol. 1992 Aug;36(2):213-21.
Hermanson B, Omenn GS, Kronmal RA, Gersh BJ Beneficial six-year outcome of smoking cessation in older men and women with coronary artery disease. Results from the CASS registry. N Engl J Med. 1988 Nov 24;319(21):1365-9.
Holloway JD, Schocken DD CASS in retrospect: lessons from the randomized cohort and registry. Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Am J Med Sci. 1988 May;295(5):424-32.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.