Cardiovascular Diseases — Extreme Exercise and Energy Expenditure (4E) Study
Citation(s)
Almeras N, Mimeault N, Serresse O, Boulay MR, Tremblay A Non-exercise daily energy expenditure and physical activity pattern in male endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991;63(3-4):184-7. doi: 10.1007/BF00233845.
Blair SN, Archer E, Hand GA Commentary: Luke and Cooper are wrong: physical activity has a crucial role in weight management and determinants of obesity. Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Dec;42(6):1836-8. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt160. No abstract available.
Blair SN Physical inactivity and obesity is not a myth: Dr. Steven Blair comments on Dr. Aseem Malhotra's editorial. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Aug;49(15):968-9. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094989. Epub 2015 Jun 10. No abstract available.
Despres JP Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update. Circulation. 2012 Sep 4;126(10):1301-13. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264. No abstract available.
Despres JP Exercise and energy balance: going to extremes to show that body weight is not the best outcome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Dec;102(6):1303-4. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.124560. Epub 2015 Nov 11. No abstract available.
Despres JP Obesity and cardiovascular disease: weight loss is not the only target. Can J Cardiol. 2015 Feb;31(2):216-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.009. Epub 2014 Dec 11.
Iacobellis G, Leonetti F Epicardial adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov;90(11):6300-2. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-1087. Epub 2005 Aug 9.
Luke A, Cooper RS Physical activity does not influence obesity risk: time to clarify the public health message. Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Dec;42(6):1831-6. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt159. No abstract available.
Malhotra A, Noakes T, Phinney S It is time to bust the myth of physical inactivity and obesity: you cannot outrun a bad diet. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Aug;49(15):967-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094911. Epub 2015 Apr 22. No abstract available.
Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJ, Smith H, Paddags A, Hudson R, Janssen I Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Jul 18;133(2):92-103. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00008.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
