da Silva VP, de Oliveira NA, Silveira H, Mello RG, Deslandes AC Heart rate variability indexes as a marker of chronic adaptation in athletes: a systematic review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2015 Mar;20(2):108-18. doi: 10.1111/anec.12237. Epub 2014 Nov 26.
Koelwyn GJ, Jones LW, Moslehi J Unravelling the causes of reduced peak oxygen consumption in patients with cancer: complex, timely, and necessary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Sep 30;64(13):1320-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.949. No abstract available.
Pumprla J, Howorka K, Groves D, Chester M, Nolan J Functional assessment of heart rate variability: physiological basis and practical applications. Int J Cardiol. 2002 Jul;84(1):1-14. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00057-8.
Wilson MG, Ellison GM, Cable NT Basic science behind the cardiovascular benefits of exercise. Heart. 2015 May 15;101(10):758-65. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306596.
Physical Capacity Evaluation and Effects of ExerciseTraining on Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
