Cardiovascular Diseases — Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Citation(s)
Klein BE, Klein R, Hall ER, Lee KE, Jensen K The comparability of estimates of retroilluminated lens opacities as judged from film-based and digital imaging. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Oct;138(4):668-70.
Klein R Is intensive management of blood pressure to prevent visual loss in persons with type 2 diabetes indicated? Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Nov;122(11):1707-9.
Klein R Prevention of visual loss from diabetic retinopathy. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002 Dec;47 Suppl 2:S246-52. Review.
Wong TY, Klein R Retinal arteriolar emboli: epidemiology and risk of stroke. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002 Jun;13(3):142-6. Review.
Wong TY, Shankar A, Klein R, Klein BE Retinal vessel diameters and the incidence of gross proteinuria and renal insufficiency in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004 Jan;53(1):179-84.
Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.