Cardiovascular Diseases — Hostility and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Citation(s)
Harralson TL, Suarez EC, Lawler KA Cardiovascular reactivity among hostile men and women: the effects of sex and anger suppression. Womens Health. 1997 Summer;3(2):151-64.
Suarez EC, Bates MP, Harralson TL The relation of hostility to lipids and lipoproteins in women: evidence for the role of antagonistic hostility. Ann Behav Med. 1998 Spring;20(2):59-63.
Suarez EC Relations of trait depression and anxiety to low lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in healthy young adult women. Psychosom Med. 1999 May-Jun;61(3):273-9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
