Cardiovascular Diseases — Smoking and Body Weight: Analysis of HHANES
Citation(s)
Klesges RC, Debon M, Ray JW Are self-reports of smoking rate biased? Evidence from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995 Oct;48(10):1225-33.
Klesges RC, Klesges LM, Meyers AW Relationship of smoking status, energy balance, and body weight: analysis of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991 Dec;59(6):899-905.
Klesges RC, Klesges LM The relationship between body mass and cigarette smoking using a biochemical index of smoking exposure. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993 Oct;17(10):585-91.
Klesges RC, Ray JW, Klesges LM Caffeinated coffee and tea intake and its relationship to cigarette smoking: an analysis of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). J Subst Abuse. 1994;6(4):407-18.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
