Cardiovascular Diseases — Work Organization and Cardiovascular Disease
Citation(s)
Hall EM, Johnson JV, Tsou TS Women, occupation, and risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Occup Med. 1993 Oct-Dec;8(4):709-19.
Johansson G, Johnson JV, Hall EM Smoking and sedentary behavior as related to work organization. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32(7):837-46.
Johnson JV, Hall EM, Theorell T Combined effects of job strain and social isolation on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in a random sample of the Swedish male working population. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1989 Aug;15(4):271-9.
Johnson JV, Hall EM Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. Am J Public Health. 1988 Oct;78(10):1336-42.
Johnson JV, Stewart WF Measuring work organization exposure over the life course with a job-exposure matrix. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993 Feb;19(1):21-8.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
