Crews DE, Kamboh MI, Bindon JR, Ferrell RE Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. XVII: Population genetics of apolipoprotein polymorphisms in American Samoa. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1991 Feb;84(2):165-70.
Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 1988 Jan-Feb;8(1):1-21. Review.
Ferrell RE, Kamboh MI, Majumder PP, Valdez R, Weiss KM Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. XIII. Quantitative polymorphism of apolipoprotein C-III in the Mayans of the Yucatán Peninsula. Hum Hered. 1990;40(3):127-35.
Haviland MB, Ferrell RE, Sing CF Association between common alleles of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene region and interindividual variation in plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in a population-based sample from Rochester, Minnesota. Hum Genet. 1997 Jan;99(1):108-14.
Haviland MB, Kessling AM, Davignon J, Sing CF Estimation of Hardy-Weinberg and pairwise disequilibrium in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;49(2):350-65. Erratum in: Am J Hum Genet 1992 Dec;51(6):1457.
Kamboh MI, Ferrell RE, Kottke BA Expressed hypervariable polymorphism of apolipoprotein (a). Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Nov;49(5):1063-74.
Kamboh MI, Ferrell RE Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. XV. An overview of IEF immunoblotting methods to screen apolipoprotein polymorphisms. Hum Hered. 1990;40(4):193-207. Review.
Kamboh MI, Kelly LJ, Ferrell RE Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins: XIV. A simple agarose isoelectric focusing gel method for apolipoprotein E phenotyping. Electrophoresis. 1990 Apr;11(4):314-8.
Kamboh MI, Weiss KM, Ferrell RE Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. XVI. APOE polymorphism and cholesterol levels in the Mayans of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Clin Genet. 1991 Jan;39(1):26-32.
Kaprio J, Ferrell RE, Kottke BA, Sing CF Smoking and reverse cholesterol transport: evidence for gene-environment interaction. Clin Genet. 1989 Oct;36(4):266-8.
Kardia SL, Haviland MB, Ferrell RE, Sing CF The relationship between risk factor levels and presence of coronary artery calcification is dependent on apolipoprotein E genotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Feb;19(2):427-35.
Kardia SL, Haviland MB, Sing CF Correlates of family history of coronary artery disease in children. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Jun;51(6):473-86.
Kardia SL, Sing CF, Turner ST The response of renal plasma flow to angiotensin II infusion in a population-based sample and its association with the parental history of essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1997 May;15(5):483-93.
Klos KL, Hamon S, Clark AG, Boerwinkle E, Liu K, Sing CF APOA5 polymorphisms influence plasma triglycerides in young, healthy African Americans and whites of the CARDIA Study. J Lipid Res. 2005 Mar;46(3):564-71. Epub 2004 Dec 16.
Kottke BA, Friedlaender JS, Zerba KE, Sing CF Lipid and apolipoprotein levels in six Solomon Island societies differ from those in a U.S. white population. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1990 Apr;81(4):483-91.
Kwon JM, Boehnke M, Burns TL, Moll PP Commingling and segregation analyses: comparison of results from a simulation study of a quantitative trait. Genet Epidemiol. 1990;7(1):57-68.
Moore JH, Reilly SL, Ferrell RE, Sing CF The role of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the prediction of coronary artery disease age of onset. Clin Genet. 1997 Jan;51(1):22-5.
Nelson MR, Kardia SL, Ferrell RE, Sing CF A combinatorial partitioning method to identify multilocus genotypic partitions that predict quantitative trait variation. Genome Res. 2001 Mar;11(3):458-70.
Nelson MR, Kardia SL, Ferrell RE, Sing CF Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype variation on the means, variances, and correlations of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in children. Ann Hum Genet. 1999 Jul;63(Pt 4):311-28.
Pairitz G, Davignon J, Mailloux H, Sing CF Sources of interindividual variation in the quantitative levels of apolipoprotein B in pedigrees ascertained through a lipid clinic. Am J Hum Genet. 1988 Sep;43(3):311-21.
Reilly SL, Ferrell RE, Kottke BA, Kamboh MI, Sing CF The gender-specific apolipoprotein E genotype influence on the distribution of lipids and apolipoproteins in the population of Rochester, MN. I. Pleiotropic effects on means and variances. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Dec;49(6):1155-66. Erratum in: Am J Hum Genet 1992 Oct;51(4):942.
Reilly SL, Ferrell RE, Kottke BA, Sing CF The gender-specific apolipoprotein E genotype influence on the distribution of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. II. Regression relationships with concomitants. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Dec;51(6):1311-24.
Reilly SL, Ferrell RE, Sing CF The gender-specific apolipoprotein E genotype influence on the distribution of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in the population of Rochester, MN. III. Correlations and covariances. Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Nov;55(5):1001-18.
Reilly SL, Kottke BA, Sing CF The effects of generation and gender on the joint distributions of lipid and apolipoprotein phenotypes in the population at large. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43(9):921-40.
Reilly SL, Sing CF, Savageau MA, Turner ST Analysis of systems influencing renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion. I. Biochemical systems theory. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1994 Jan-Mar;29(1):55-73.
Schwartz GL, Turner ST, Moore JH, Sing CF Predictors of interindividual variation in ambulatory blood pressure and their time or activity dependence. Am J Hypertens. 2000 Jan;13(1 Pt 1):52-60.
Sing CF, Haviland MB, Templeton AR, Zerba KE, Reilly SL Biological complexity and strategies for finding DNA variations responsible for inter-individual variation in risk of a common chronic disease, coronary artery disease. Ann Med. 1992 Dec;24(6):539-47. Review.
Stengård JH, Zerba KE, Turner ST, Sing CF A biometrical study of the relationship between sodium-lithium countertransport and triglycerides. Ann Hum Genet. 1997 Mar;61(Pt 2):121-36.
Templeton AR, Crandall KA, Sing CF A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data. III. Cladogram estimation. Genetics. 1992 Oct;132(2):619-33.
Templeton AR, Sing CF, Kessling A, Humphries S A cladistic analysis of phenotype associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping. II. The analysis of natural populations. Genetics. 1988 Dec;120(4):1145-54.
Templeton AR, Sing CF A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping. IV. Nested analyses with cladogram uncertainty and recombination. Genetics. 1993 Jun;134(2):659-69.
Wilund KR, Ferrell RE, Phares DA, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM Changes in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol subfractions with exercise training may be dependent on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) genotype. Metabolism. 2002 Jun;51(6):774-8.
Zerba KE, Ferrell RE, Sing CF Genetic structure of five susceptibility gene regions for coronary artery disease: disequilibria within and among regions. Hum Genet. 1998 Sep;103(3):346-54.
Zerba KE, Ferrell RE, Sing CF Genotype-environment interaction: apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene effects and age as an index of time and spatial context in the human. Genetics. 1996 May;143(1):463-78.
Zerba KE, Friedlaender JS, Sing CF Heterogeneity of the blood pressure distribution among Solomon Islands societies with increasing acculturation. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1990 Apr;81(4):493-511.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
