Austin MA, Wijsman E, Guo SW, Krauss RM, Brunzell JD, Deeb S Lack of evidence for linkage between low-density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes and the apolipoprotein B locus in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Genet Epidemiol. 1991;8(5):287-97.
Austin MA Genetic epidemiology of low-density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes. Ann Med. 1992 Dec;24(6):477-81. Review.
Austin MA Low-density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes and familial combined hyperlipidemia. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1991 Sep;7(3):173-7. Review.
Austin MA Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991 Jan-Feb;11(1):2-14. Review.
Austin MA Plasma triglyceride as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The epidemiologic evidence and beyond. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Feb;129(2):249-59. Review.
Brunzell JD, Austin MA Individuality, hyperlipidemia, and premature coronary artery disease. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1990;63:72-83. Review.
Cheung MC, Austin MA, Moulin P, Wolf AC, Cryer D, Knopp RH Effects of pravastatin on apolipoprotein-specific high density lipoprotein subpopulations and low density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1993 Aug;102(1):107-19.
LaBelle M, Austin MA, Rubin E, Krauss RM Linkage analysis of low-density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes and the apolipoprotein B gene. Genet Epidemiol. 1991;8(4):269-75.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
