Carmi R, Boughman JA, Ferencz C Endocardial cushion defect: further studies of "isolated" versus "syndromic" occurrence. Am J Med Genet. 1992 Jun 1;43(3):569-75.
Carmi R, Boughman JA Pentalogy of Cantrell and associated midline anomalies: a possible ventral midline developmental field. Am J Med Genet. 1992 Jan 1;42(1):90-5. Review.
Correa-Villaseñor A, McCarter R, Downing J, Ferencz C White-black differences in cardiovascular malformations in infancy and socioeconomic factors. The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study Group. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Aug 15;134(4):393-402.
Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ, Clark EB Maternal diabetes and cardiovascular malformations: predominance of double outlet right ventricle and truncus arteriosus. Teratology. 1990 Mar;41(3):319-26.
Ferencz C Offspring of fathers with cardiovascular malformations. Am Heart J. 1986 Jun;111(6):1212-3.
Ferencz C On the birth prevalence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Dec;16(7):1701-2.
Ferencz C Origin of congenital heart disease: reflections on Maude Abbott's work. Can J Cardiol. 1989 Jan-Feb;5(1):4-9.
Ferencz C The etiology of congenital cardiovascular malformations: observations on genetic risks with implications for further birth defects research. J Med. 1985;16(5-6):497-508.
Johnson SF, McCarter RJ, Ferencz C Changes in alcohol, cigarette, and recreational drug use during pregnancy: implications for intervention. Am J Epidemiol. 1987 Oct;126(4):695-702.
Kuehl KS, Loffredo CA, Ferencz C Failure to diagnose congenital heart disease in infancy. Pediatrics. 1999 Apr;103(4 Pt 1):743-7.
Loffredo CA, Silbergeld EK, Ferencz C, Zhang J Association of transposition of the great arteries in infants with maternal exposures to herbicides and rodenticides. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Mar 15;153(6):529-36.
Lurie IW, Ferencz C VACTERL-hydrocephaly, DK-phocomelia, and cerebro-cardio-radio-reno-rectal community. Am J Med Genet. 1997 May 16;70(2):144-9. Review.
Lurie IW, Kappetein AP, Loffredo CA, Ferencz C Non-cardiac malformations in individuals with outflow tract defects of the heart: the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study (1981-1989). Am J Med Genet. 1995 Oct 23;59(1):76-84.
Lurie IW, Magee CA, Sun CC, Ferencz C 'Microgastria--limb reduction' complex with congenital heart disease and twinning. Clin Dysmorphol. 1995 Apr;4(2):150-5.
Rosenthal GL Patterns of prenatal growth among infants with cardiovascular malformations: possible fetal hemodynamic effects. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Mar 1;143(5):505-13. Erratum in: Am J Epidemiol 1996 May 15;143(10):1079.
Rubin JD, Ferencz C, Loffredo C Use of prescription and non-prescription drugs in pregnancy. The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study Group. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993 Jun;46(6):581-9.
Wilson PD, Correa-Villaseñor A, Loffredo CA, Ferencz C Temporal trends in prevalence of cardiovascular malformations in Maryland and the District of Columbia, 1981-1988. The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study Group. Epidemiology. 1993 May;4(3):259-65.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.