Ariyo A, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM Lipoprotein (a), lipids, aspirin, and risk of myocardial infarction in the Physician's Health Study. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1998 Aug;5(4):273-8.
Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA. 1995 Jan 25;273(4):289-94.
Hennekens CH, Buring JE Methodologic considerations in the design and conduct of randomized trials: the U.S. Physicians' Health Study. Control Clin Trials. 1989 Dec;10(4 Suppl):142S-150S.
Hennekens CH, Eberlein K A randomized trial of aspirin and beta-carotene among U.S. physicians. Prev Med. 1985 Mar;14(2):165-8.
Kozulitsyna TI, Korotaev GA [Bacteriostatic activity of blood in single and combined use of ethionamide or prothionamide]. Probl Tuberk. 1975;(5):70-3. Russian.
Ma J, Hennekens CH, Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ A prospective study of fibrinogen and risk of myocardial infarction in the Physicians' Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Apr;33(5):1347-52.
Manson JE, Buring JE, Satterfield S, Hennekens CH Baseline characteristics of participants in the Physicians' Health Study: a randomized trial of aspirin and beta-carotene in U.S. physicians. Am J Prev Med. 1991 May-Jun;7(3):150-4.
Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 3;336(14):973-9. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1997 Jul 31;337(5):356.
Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998 May 26;97(20):2007-11.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Cerskus A, Stampfer MJ Plasma concentration of cross-linked fibrin degradation product (D-dimer) and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 1994 Nov;90(5):2236-40.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Stampfer MJ, Miletich JP Arterial and venous thrombosis is not associated with the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor gene in a large cohort of US men. Circulation. 1997 Jan 7;95(1):59-62.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Miletich JP G20210A mutation in prothrombin gene and risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis in a large cohort of US men. Circulation. 1999 Mar 2;99(8):999-1004.
Ridker PM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Goldhaber SZ, Hennekens CH The effect of chronic platelet inhibition with low-dose aspirin on atherosclerotic progression and acute thrombosis: clinical evidence from the Physicians' Health Study. Am Heart J. 1991 Dec;122(6):1588-92.
Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH A cross-sectional study of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B-100. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993 Nov;13(11):1587-92.
Rifai N, Ma J, Sacks FM, Ridker PM, Hernandez WJ, Stampfer MJ, Marcovina SM Apolipoprotein(a) size and lipoprotein(a) concentration and future risk of angina pectoris with evidence of severe coronary atherosclerosis in men: The Physicians' Health Study. Clin Chem. 2004 Aug;50(8):1364-71. Epub 2004 May 20.
Rohde LE, Hennekens CH, Ridker PM Survey of C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy men. Am J Cardiol. 1999 Nov 1;84(9):1018-22.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.