Cardiovascular Disease — Epidemiology of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adults
Citation(s)
Arzt M, Young T, Finn L, Skatrud JB, Bradley TD Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec 1;172(11):1447-51. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200505-702OC. Epub 2005 Sep 1.
Lin L, Finn L, Zhang J, Young T, Mignot E Angiotensin-converting enzyme, sleep-disordered breathing, and hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Dec 15;170(12):1349-53. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200405-616OC. Epub 2004 Sep 24.
Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 11;342(19):1378-84. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200005113421901.
Peppard PE, Young T Exercise and sleep-disordered breathing: an association independent of body habitus. Sleep. 2004 May 1;27(3):480-4. doi: 10.1093/sleep/27.3.480.
Punjabi NM, Bandeen-Roche K, Young T Predictors of objective sleep tendency in the general population. Sleep. 2003 Sep;26(6):678-83. doi: 10.1093/sleep/26.6.678.
Reichmuth KJ, Austin D, Skatrud JB, Young T Association of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: a population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec 15;172(12):1590-5. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200504-637OC. Epub 2005 Sep 28.
Young T, Finn L, Palta M Chronic nasal congestion at night is a risk factor for snoring in a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Jun 25;161(12):1514-9. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.12.1514.
Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 May 1;165(9):1217-39. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2109080.
Young T, Rabago D, Zgierska A, Austin D, Laurel F Objective and subjective sleep quality in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Sleep. 2003 Sep;26(6):667-72. doi: 10.1093/sleep/26.6.667.
Epidemiology of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adults
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
