Black PH, Garbutt LD Stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. J Psychosom Res. 2002 Jan;52(1):1-23. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00302-6.
Bosch JA, Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT, Dhabhar FS, Marucha PT Acute stress evokes selective mobilization of T cells that differ in chemokine receptor expression: a potential pathway linking immunologic reactivity to cardiovascular disease. Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Aug;17(4):251-9. doi: 10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00054-0.
Chida Y, Steptoe A Greater cardiovascular responses to laboratory mental stress are associated with poor subsequent cardiovascular risk status: a meta-analysis of prospective evidence. Hypertension. 2010 Apr;55(4):1026-32. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146621. Epub 2010 Mar 1.
Cosme D, Zeithamova D, Stice E, Berkman ET Multivariate neural signatures for health neuroscience: assessing spontaneous regulation during food choice. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2020 Nov 10;15(10):1120-1134. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa002.
Dawkins L, Corcoran O Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Jan;231(2):401-7. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3249-8. Epub 2013 Aug 27.
Devereux RB, Alderman MH Role of preclinical cardiovascular disease in the evolution from risk factor exposure to development of morbid events. Circulation. 1993 Oct;88(4 Pt 1):1444-55. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.4.1444.
Dickerson SS, Gable SL, Irwin MR, Aziz N, Kemeny ME Social-evaluative threat and proinflammatory cytokine regulation: an experimental laboratory investigation. Psychol Sci. 2009 Oct;20(10):1237-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02437.x. Epub 2009 Sep 14.
Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull. 2004 May;130(3):355-91. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355.
Dickerson SS, Mycek PJ, Zaldivar F Negative social evaluation, but not mere social presence, elicits cortisol responses to a laboratory stressor task. Health Psychol. 2008 Jan;27(1):116-21. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.116.
Flaa A, Eide IK, Kjeldsen SE, Rostrup M Sympathoadrenal stress reactivity is a predictor of future blood pressure: an 18-year follow-up study. Hypertension. 2008 Aug;52(2):336-41. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.111625. Epub 2008 Jun 23.
Gianaros PJ, Jennings JR Host in the machine: A neurobiological perspective on psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. Am Psychol. 2018 Nov;73(8):1031-1044. doi: 10.1037/amp0000232.
Kassam KS, Mendes WB The effects of measuring emotion: physiological reactions to emotional situations depend on whether someone is asking. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 5;8(7):e64959. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064959. Print 2013.
Kemeny ME Psychobiological responses to social threat: evolution of a psychological model in psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Jan;23(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.08.008. Epub 2008 Sep 10.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
Lagraauw HM, Kuiper J, Bot I Acute and chronic psychological stress as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Insights gained from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Nov;50:18-30. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.007. Epub 2015 Aug 6.
Madden KS, Sanders VM, Felten DL Catecholamine influences and sympathetic neural modulation of immune responsiveness. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995;35:417-48. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.002221.
Marsland AL, Walsh C, Lockwood K, John-Henderson NA The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating and stimulated inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2017 Aug;64:208-219. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.011. Epub 2017 Jan 12.
McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Feb;1186:190-222. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x.
Mehta NK, Abrams LR, Myrskyla M US life expectancy stalls due to cardiovascular disease, not drug deaths. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Mar 31;117(13):6998-7000. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1920391117. Epub 2020 Mar 16.
Poldrack RA Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data? Trends Cogn Sci. 2006 Feb;10(2):59-63. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.004. Epub 2006 Jan 6.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 23;342(12):836-43. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200003233421202.
Rohleder N Stimulation of systemic low-grade inflammation by psychosocial stress. Psychosom Med. 2014 Apr;76(3):181-9. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000049.
Slavich GM, Way BM, Eisenberger NI, Taylor SE Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 17;107(33):14817-22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009164107. Epub 2010 Aug 2.
Soszynski D, Kozak W, Conn CA, Rudolph K, Kluger MJ Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists suppress elevation in body temperature and increase in plasma IL-6 in rats exposed to open field. Neuroendocrinology. 1996 May;63(5):459-67. doi: 10.1159/000127072.
Sporns O Graph theory methods: applications in brain networks. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018 Jun;20(2):111-121. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.2/osporns.
Steptoe A, Hamer M, Chida Y The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: a review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Oct;21(7):901-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.011. Epub 2007 May 1.
van Gool J, van Vugt H, Helle M, Aarden LA The relation among stress, adrenalin, interleukin 6 and acute phase proteins in the rat. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1990 Nov;57(2):200-10. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(90)90034-n.
Wager TD, Waugh CE, Lindquist M, Noll DC, Fredrickson BL, Taylor SF Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat: part I: Reciprocal dorsal and ventral sub-regions of the medial prefrontal cortex and heart-rate reactivity. Neuroimage. 2009 Sep;47(3):821-35. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.043. Epub 2009 May 22.
Woo CW, Chang LJ, Lindquist MA, Wager TD Building better biomarkers: brain models in translational neuroimaging. Nat Neurosci. 2017 Feb 23;20(3):365-377. doi: 10.1038/nn.4478.
Beta-Blocker Influences on Inflammatory and Neural Responses to Stress
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.