Cardiac Output, Low — Hemodynamic Effects of Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping in Full-term Newborns
Citation(s)
Chopra A, Thakur A, Garg P, Kler N, Gujral K Early versus delayed cord clamping in small for gestational age infants and iron stores at 3 months of age - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2018 Jul 18;18(1):234. doi: 10.1186/s12887-018-1214-8.
Hsu KH, Wu TW, Wang YC, Lim WH, Lee CC, Lien R Hemodynamic reference for neonates of different age and weight: a pilot study with electrical cardiometry. J Perinatol. 2016 Jun;36(6):481-5. doi: 10.1038/jp.2016.2. Epub 2016 Feb 18.
Katheria AC, Wozniak M, Harari D, Arnell K, Petruzzelli D, Finer NN Measuring cardiac changes using electrical impedance during delayed cord clamping: a feasibility trial. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2015 May 22;1:15. doi: 10.1186/s40748-015-0016-3. eCollection 2015.
Mercer JS, Erickson-Owens DA, Collins J, Barcelos MO, Parker AB, Padbury JF Effects of delayed cord clamping on residual placental blood volume, hemoglobin and bilirubin levels in term infants: a randomized controlled trial. J Perinatol. 2017 Mar;37(3):260-264. doi: 10.1038/jp.2016.222. Epub 2016 Dec 8.
Hemodynamic Effects of Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping in Full-term Newborns
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
