Cardiac Disease — The Effect of Walking in Kidney Transplant Patients
Citation(s)
Aakhus S, Dahl K, Widerøe TE Cardiovascular disease in stable renal transplant patients in Norway: morbidity and mortality during a 5-yr follow-up. Clin Transplant. 2004 Oct;18(5):596-604.
Lorenz EC, Amer H, Dean PG, Stegall MD, Cosio FG, Cheville AL Adherence to a pedometer-based physical activity intervention following kidney transplant and impact on metabolic parameters. Clin Transplant. 2015 Jun;29(6):560-8. doi: 10.1111/ctr.12553. Epub 2015 May 26.
Ojo AO Cardiovascular complications after renal transplantation and their prevention. Transplantation. 2006 Sep 15;82(5):603-11. Review.
Svensson M, Jardine A, Fellström B, Holdaas H Prevention of cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2012 Aug;17(4):393-400. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e3283560a3b. Review.
Zelle DM, Corpeleijn E, Klaassen G, Schutte E, Navis G, Bakker SJ Fear of Movement and Low Self-Efficacy Are Important Barriers in Physical Activity after Renal Transplantation. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 4;11(2):e0147609. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147609. eCollection 2016.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
