Bhattacharjee S, Baidya DK, Maitra S Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest is not associated with favorable neurological outcome: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2016 Sep;33:225-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.03.001. Epub 2016 May 5.
Mallat J, Lemyze M, Tronchon L, Vallet B, Thevenin D Use of venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide tension difference to guide resuscitation therapy in septic shock. World J Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb 4;5(1):47-56. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v5.i1.47. eCollection 2016 Feb 4.
Mukai A, Suehiro K, Kimura A, Funai Y, Matsuura T, Tanaka K, Yamada T, Mori T, Nishikawa K Comparison of the venous-arterial CO2 to arterial-venous O2 content difference ratio with the venous-arterial CO2 gradient for the predictability of adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. J Clin Monit Comput. 2020 Feb;34(1):41-53. doi: 10.1007/s10877-019-00286-z. Epub 2019 Feb 22.
Piot J, Hebrard A, Durand M, Payen JF, Albaladejo P An elevated respiratory quotient predicts complications after cardiac surgery under extracorporeal circulation: an observational pilot study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2019 Feb;33(1):145-153. doi: 10.1007/s10877-018-0137-0. Epub 2018 Apr 17.
Riveiro DF, Oliveira VM, Braunner JS, Vieira SR Evaluation of Serum Lactate, Central Venous Saturation, and Venous-Arterial Carbon Dioxide Difference in the Prediction of Mortality in Postcardiac Arrest Syndrome. J Intensive Care Med. 2016 Sep;31(8):544-52. doi: 10.1177/0885066615592865. Epub 2015 Jun 24.
Shinozaki K, Becker LB, Saeki K, Kim J, Yin T, Da T, Lampe JW Dissociated Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Production in the Post-Cardiac Arrest Rat: A Novel Metabolic Phenotype. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Jun 29;7(13):e007721. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007721.
Walley KR Use of central venous oxygen saturation to guide therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Sep 1;184(5):514-20. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1584CI.
Walters EL, Morawski K, Dorotta I, Ramsingh D, Lumen K, Bland D, Clem K, Nguyen HB Implementation of a post-cardiac arrest care bundle including therapeutic hypothermia and hemodynamic optimization in comatose patients with return of spontaneous circulation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a feasibility study. Shock. 2011 Apr;35(4):360-6. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e318204c106.
Evaluation of the Heart's Respiratory Quotient as Predictive Value After Extra-hospital
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
