Kleinman ME, Goldberger ZD, Rea T, Swor RA, Bobrow BJ, Brennan EE, Terry M, Hemphill R, Gazmuri RJ, Hazinski MF, Travers AH 2017 American Heart Association Focused Update on Adult Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: An Update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2018 Jan 2;137(1):e7-e13. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000539. Epub 2017 Nov 6. Review. Erratum in: Circulation. 2018 Jan 2;137(1):e14.
Kwak SJ, Kim YM, Baek HJ, Kim SH, Yim HW Chest compression quality, exercise intensity, and energy expenditure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation using compression-to-ventilation ratios of 15:1 or 30:2 or chest compression only: a randomized, crossover manikin study. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2016 Sep 30;3(3):148-157. eCollection 2016 Sep.
Muhm JM Predicted arterial oxygenation at commercial aircraft cabin altitudes. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004 Oct;75(10):905-12. Erratum in: Aviat Space Environ Med. 2010 May;81(5):532.
Ruskin KJ, Ricaurte EM, Alves PM Medical Guidelines for Airline Travel: Management of In-Flight Cardiac Arrest. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018 Aug 1;89(8):754-759. doi: 10.3357/AMHP.5038.2018.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
