Anthoine E, Moret L, Regnault A, Sebille V, Hardouin JB Sample size used to validate a scale: a review of publications on newly-developed patient reported outcomes measures. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014 Dec 9;12:176. doi: 10.1186/s12955-014-0176-2.
CAMPBELL DT, FISKE DW Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychol Bull. 1959 Mar;56(2):81-105. No abstract available.
Cronbach LJ Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951;16(3):297-334.
de Haes JC, van Knippenberg FC, Neijt JP Measuring psychological and physical distress in cancer patients: structure and application of the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist. Br J Cancer. 1990 Dec;62(6):1034-8. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1990.434.
Kazis LE, Anderson JJ, Meenan RF Effect sizes for interpreting changes in health status. Med Care. 1989 Mar;27(3 Suppl):S178-89. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198903001-00015.
Leyland AH, Groenewegen PP Multilevel Modelling for Public Health and Health Services Research: Health in Context [Internet]. Cham (CH): Springer; 2020. No abstract available. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565715/
Lyons MJ, Fernandez Poole S, Brownson RC, Lyn R Place Is Power: Investing in Communities as a Systemic Leverage Point to Reduce Breast Cancer Disparities by Race. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan 6;19(2):632. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19020632.
Schag CA, Ganz PA, Heinrich RL CAncer Rehabilitation Evaluation System--short form (CARES-SF). A cancer specific rehabilitation and quality of life instrument. Cancer. 1991 Sep 15;68(6):1406-13. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19910915)68:63.0.co;2-2.
Schipper H, Clinch J, McMurray A, Levitt M Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients: the Functional Living Index-Cancer: development and validation. J Clin Oncol. 1984 May;2(5):472-83. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1984.2.5.472.
Velikova G, Coens C, Efficace F, et al Health-related quality of life in EORTC clinical trials - 30 years of progress from methodological developments to making a real impact on oncology practice. EJC Suppl 2012;10(1):141-9.
World Medical Association World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013 Nov 27;310(20):2191-4. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053. No abstract available.
Validation of the European Oncology Quality of Life Toolkit. A European Pilot Survey.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
