Breast Carcinoma — Circulating microRNA 21 Expression Level Before and After Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy in Breast Carcinoma
Citation(s)
Chen L, Bourguignon LY Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction promotes c-Jun signaling and miRNA21 expression leading to Bcl-2 expression and chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer. 2014 Mar 8;13:52. doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-52.
Ling H, Fabbri M, Calin GA MicroRNAs and other non-coding RNAs as targets for anticancer drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Nov;12(11):847-65. doi: 10.1038/nrd4140. Review.
Petrovic N miR-21 Might be Involved in Breast Cancer Promotion and Invasion Rather than in Initial Events of Breast Cancer Development. Mol Diagn Ther. 2016 Apr;20(2):97-110. doi: 10.1007/s40291-016-0186-3. Review.
Schwarzenbach H Clinical Relevance of Circulating, Cell-Free and Exosomal microRNAs in Plasma and Serum of Breast Cancer Patients. Oncol Res Treat. 2017;40(7-8):423-429. doi: 10.1159/000478019. Epub 2017 Jun 28.
Wang H, Tan G, Dong L, Cheng L, Li K, Wang Z, Luo H Circulating MiR-125b as a marker predicting chemoresistance in breast cancer. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34210. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034210. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
Zhu W, Liu M, Fan Y, Ma F, Xu N, Xu B Dynamics of circulating microRNAs as a novel indicator of clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Cancer Med. 2018 Sep;7(9):4420-4433. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1723. Epub 2018 Aug 11.
Circulating microRNA 21 Expression Level Before and After Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy in Breast Carcinoma
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.