Breast Cancer — Different Volumes of Erector Spinae Plane Block for Breast Surgery
Citation(s)
Altiparmak B, Korkmaz Toker M, Uysal AI, Gumus Demirbilek S Comparison of the efficacy of erector spinae plane block performed with different concentrations of bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia after mastectomy surgery: ramdomized, prospective, double blinded trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019 Mar 4;19(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12871-019-0700-3.
Gurkan Y, Aksu C, Kus A, Yorukoglu UH Erector spinae plane block and thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery compared to IV-morphine: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth. 2020 Feb;59:84-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.06.036. Epub 2019 Jul 4.
Sharma S, Arora S, Jafra A, Singh G Efficacy of erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in total mastectomy and axillary clearance: A randomized controlled trial. Saudi J Anaesth. 2020 Apr-Jun;14(2):186-191. doi: 10.4103/sja.SJA_625_19. Epub 2020 Mar 5.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
