Breast Cancer — Music Listening in Radiotherapy Treatment
Citation(s)
Bradt J, Dileo C, Magill L, Teague A Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 15;(8):CD006911. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006911.pub3. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 12;10:CD006911.
Bradt J, Dileo C, Shim M Music interventions for preoperative anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 6;(6):CD006908. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006908.pub2. Review.
Chen LC, Wang TF, Shih YN, Wu LJ Fifteen-minute music intervention reduces pre-radiotherapy anxiety in oncology patients. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2013 Aug;17(4):436-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2012.11.002. Epub 2012 Dec 4.
O'Callaghan C, Sproston M, Wilkinson K, Willis D, Milner A, Grocke D, Wheeler G Effect of self-selected music on adults' anxiety and subjective experiences during initial radiotherapy treatment: a randomised controlled trial and qualitative research. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2012 Aug;56(4):473-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2012.02395.x. Epub 2012 May 28.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
