Breast Cancer — Persistent Pain After Breast Cancer Treatment (PPBCT) - Risk Factors and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Citation(s)
Andersen KG, Aasvang EK, Kroman N, Kehlet H Intercostobrachial nerve handling and pain after axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Nov;58(10):1240-8. doi: 10.1111/aas.12393.
Andersen KG, Duriaud HM, Aasvang EK, Kehlet H Association between sensory dysfunction and pain 1 week after breast cancer surgery: a psychophysical study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016 Feb;60(2):259-69. doi: 10.1111/aas.12641. Epub 2015 Oct 8.
Andersen KG, Kehlet H, Aasvang EK Test-retest agreement and reliability of quantitative sensory testing 1 year after breast cancer surgery. Clin J Pain. 2015 May;31(5):393-403. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000136.
Andersen KG, Kehlet H Persistent pain after breast cancer treatment: a critical review of risk factors and strategies for prevention. J Pain. 2011 Jul;12(7):725-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.12.005. Epub 2011 Mar 24. Review.
Persistent Pain After Breast Cancer Treatment (PPBCT) - Risk Factors and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
