Aitken RJ, Gaze MN, Rodger A, Chetty U, Forrest AP Arm morbidity within a trial of mastectomy and either nodal sample with selective radiotherapy or axillary clearance. Br J Surg. 1989 Jun;76(6):568-71.
Beal K, Hudis C, Norton L, Wagman R, McCormick B Radiation pneumonitis in breast cancer patients treated with taxanes: does sequential radiation therapy lower the risk? Breast J. 2005 Sep-Oct;11(5):317-20.
Bentzen SM, Dische S Morbidity related to axillary irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 2000;39(3):337-47. Review.
Bentzen SM, Overgaard M, Thames HD Fractionation sensitivity of a functional endpoint: impaired shoulder movement after post-mastectomy radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Sep;17(3):531-7.
Blomqvist L, Stark B, Engler N, Malm M Evaluation of arm and shoulder mobility and strength after modified radical mastectomy and radiotherapy. Acta Oncol. 2004;43(3):280-3.
Cho BC, Hurkmans CW, Damen EM, Zijp LJ, Mijnheer BJ Intensity modulated versus non-intensity modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of the left breast and upper internal mammary lymph node chain: a comparative planning study. Radiother Oncol. 2002 Feb;62(2):127-36.
Ding GX, Duggan DM, Coffey CW Characteristics of kilovoltage x-ray beams used for cone-beam computed tomography in radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol. 2007 Mar 21;52(6):1595-615. Epub 2007 Feb 27.
Fathers E, Thrush D, Huson SM, Norman A Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy in women treated for carcinoma of the breast. Clin Rehabil. 2002 Mar;16(2):160-5.
Fowble B, Gray R, Gilchrist K, Goodman RL, Taylor S, Tormey DC Identification of a subgroup of patients with breast cancer and histologically positive axillary nodes receiving adjuvant chemotherapy who may benefit from postoperative radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1988 Jul;6(7):1107-17.
Groenvold M, Klee MC, Sprangers MA, Aaronson NK Validation of the EORTC QLQ-C30 quality of life questionnaire through combined qualitative and quantitative assessment of patient-observer agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997 Apr;50(4):441-50.
Gummesson C, Atroshi I, Ekdahl C The disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) outcome questionnaire: longitudinal construct validity and measuring self-rated health change after surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2003 Jun 16;4:11. Epub 2003 Jun 16.
Hack TF, Cohen L, Katz J, Robson LS, Goss P Physical and psychological morbidity after axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jan;17(1):143-9.
Harper CM Jr, Thomas JE, Cascino TL, Litchy WJ Distinction between neoplastic and radiation-induced brachial plexopathy, with emphasis on the role of EMG. Neurology. 1989 Apr;39(4):502-6.
Højris I, Overgaard M, Christensen JJ, Overgaard J Morbidity and mortality of ischaemic heart disease in high-risk breast-cancer patients after adjuvant postmastectomy systemic treatment with or without radiotherapy: analysis of DBCG 82b and 82c randomised trials. Radiotherapy Committee of the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. Lancet. 1999 Oct 23;354(9188):1425-30.
Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med. 1996 Jun;29(6):602-8. Erratum in: Am J Ind Med 1996 Sep;30(3):372.
Johansson S, Svensson H, Denekamp J Dose response and latency for radiation-induced fibrosis, edema, and neuropathy in breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1207-19.
Johansson S, Svensson H, Denekamp J Timescale of evolution of late radiation injury after postoperative radiotherapy of breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Oct 1;48(3):745-50.
Maunsell E, Brisson J, Deschênes L Arm problems and psychological distress after surgery for breast cancer. Can J Surg. 1993 Aug;36(4):315-20.
McLachlan SA, Devins GM, Goodwin PJ Validation of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) as a measure of psychosocial function in breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 1998 Mar;34(4):510-7.
Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Yamaguchi K Sonography of the rotator cuff: analysis of interobserver variability. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004 Nov;183(5):1465-8.
Mondrup K, Olsen NK, Pfeiffer P, Rose C Clinical and electrodiagnostic findings in breast cancer patients with radiation-induced brachial plexus neuropathy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990 Feb;81(2):153-8.
Paszat LF, Mackillop WJ, Groome PA, Boyd C, Schulze K, Holowaty E Mortality from myocardial infarction after adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer in the surveillance, epidemiology, and end-results cancer registries. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Aug;16(8):2625-31. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol 1999 Feb;17(2):740.
Ryttov N, Holm NV, Qvist N, Blichert-Toft M Influence of adjuvant irradiation on the development of late arm lymphedema and impaired shoulder mobility after mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast. Acta Oncol. 1988;27(6A):667-70.
Shapiro CL, Recht A Side effects of adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jun 28;344(26):1997-2008. Review.
Stoll B, Andrews J Radiation-induced peripheral neuropathy. British Medical Journal 1996;1:837-843.
Swedborg I, Wallgren A The effect of pre- and postmastectomy radiotherapy on the degree of edema, shoulder-joint mobility, and gripping force. Cancer. 1981 Mar 1;47(5):877-81.
Teefey SA, Rubin DA, Middleton WD, Hildebolt CF, Leibold RA, Yamaguchi K Detection and quantification of rotator cuff tears. Comparison of ultrasonographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopic findings in seventy-one consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Apr;86-A(4):708-16.
Truong PT, Woodward WA, Buchholz TA Optimizing locoregional control and survival for women with breast cancer: a review of current developments in postmastectomy radiotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2006 Feb;6(2):205-16. Review.
Voduc KD, Tyldesley S, Chia S Risk of radiation pneumonitis in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant taxanes and radiation. Vol 22; 2004. pp. 624-.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.