Bradycardia — The Alaska Oculocardiac Reflex Study
Citation(s)
Arnold RW, Biggs RE, Beerle BJ Intravenous dexmedetomidine augments the oculocardiac reflex. J AAPOS. 2018 Jun;22(3):211-213.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.01.016. Epub 2018 May 5.
Arnold RW, Bond AN, McCall M, Lunoe L The oculocardiac reflex and depth of anesthesia measured by brain wave. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019 Mar 14;19(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s12871-019-0712-z.
Arnold RW, Bond AN Does Topical Proparacaine Improve Postoperative Comfort After Strabismus Surgery? Clin Ophthalmol. 2019 Nov 20;13:2279-2283. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S230498. eCollection 2019.
Arnold RW, Farah RF, Monroe G The attenuating effect of intraglossal atropine on the oculocardiac reflex. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002;17(4):313-8.
Arnold RW, Rinner AR, Arnold AW, Beerle BJ The Impact of Re-Operation, Relatives and Race on the Oculocardiac Reflex During Strabismus Surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020 Dec 3;14:4253-4261. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S288578. eCollection 2020.
Arnold RW The human heart rate response profiles to five vagal maneuvers. Yale J Biol Med. 1999 Jul-Aug;72(4):237-44.
Arnold RW The Oculocardiac Reflex: A Review. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021 Jun 24;15:2693-2725. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S317447. eCollection 2021.
Machida CJ, Arnold RW The effect of induced muscle tension and fatigue on the oculocardiac reflex. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2003;18(2):81-6.
Stump M, Arnold RW Iris color alone does not predict susceptibility to the oculocardiac reflex in strabismus surgery. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 1999;14(2):111-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
