Bone Metastases — Identification and Characterization of Predictive Factors of Onset of Bone Metastases in Cancer Patients
Citation(s)
Graveel CR, Calderone HM, Westerhuis JJ, Winn ME, Sempere LF Critical analysis of the potential for microRNA biomarkers in breast cancer management. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2015 Feb 23;7:59-79. doi: 10.2147/BCTT.S43799. eCollection 2015. Review.
Kai K, Dittmar RL, Sen S Secretory microRNAs as biomarkers of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2018 Jun;78:22-36. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.011. Epub 2017 Dec 19. Review.
Li A, Zhang T, Zheng M, Liu Y, Chen Z Exosomal proteins as potential markers of tumor diagnosis. J Hematol Oncol. 2017 Dec 27;10(1):175. doi: 10.1186/s13045-017-0542-8. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
