Koo JS, Chung SH The Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation for Bone Tumors Unsuitable for Radical Excision. Clin Orthop Surg. 2021 Jun;13(2):278-285. doi: 10.4055/cios19179. Epub 2021 May 18.
Owen RJ Embolization of musculoskeletal bone tumors. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2010 Jun;27(2):111-23. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1253510.
Rosenthal D, Callstrom MR Critical review and state of the art in interventional oncology: benign and metastatic disease involving bone. Radiology. 2012 Mar;262(3):765-80. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11101384.
Rybak LD, Rosenthal DI, Wittig JC Chondroblastoma: radiofrequency ablation--alternative to surgical resection in selected cases. Radiology. 2009 May;251(2):599-604. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2512080500. Epub 2009 Mar 20.
Wang B, Zhang K, Zhang X, Yang S, Hu M, Li P, Yang W, Fan J, Xing C, Yuan Q Microwave ablation combined with cementoplasty under real-time temperature monitoring in the treatment of 82 patients with recurrent spinal metastases after radiotherapy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022 Nov 29;23(1):1025. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05999-y.
Interventional Radiology Strategies in Management of Painful Bony Lesions
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
