Blood Transfusion — Blood Transfusion Applications in Hip Replacements
Citation(s)
Artroplasty Society of Australia Guidelines for venous thrombotic episode prophylaxis for hip and knee arthroplasty. Australian Orthopaedic Association 2010
Browne JA, Adib F, Brown TE, Novicoff WM Transfusion rates are increasing following total hip arthroplasty: risk factors and outcomes. J Arthroplasty. 2013 Sep;28(8 Suppl):34-7. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.03.035. Epub 2013 Jul 26.
Carling MS, Jeppsson A, Eriksson BI, Brisby H Transfusions and blood loss in total hip and knee arthroplasty: a prospective observational study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2015 Mar 28;10:48. doi: 10.1186/s13018-015-0188-6.
Pedersen AB, Mehnert F, Overgaard S, Johnsen SP Allogeneic blood transfusion and prognosis following total hip replacement: a population-based follow up study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009 Dec 29;10:167. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-167.
Ponnusamy KE, Kim TJ, Khanuja HS Perioperative blood transfusions in orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Nov 5;96(21):1836-44. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.N.00128.
Song K, Pan P, Yao Y, Jiang T, Jiang Q The incidence and risk factors for allogenic blood transfusion in total knee and hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019 Aug 28;14(1):273. doi: 10.1186/s13018-019-1329-0.
Spahn DR Anemia and patient blood management in hip and knee surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Anesthesiology. 2010 Aug;113(2):482-95. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181e08e97.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
