Blood Pressure — The Effect of Energy Drink Ingredients on Cardiovascular Function in Men and Women 18-39 Years Old
Citation(s)
Fletcher EA, Lacey CS, Aaron M, Kolasa M, Occiano A, Shah SA Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Volume Energy Drink Versus Caffeine Consumption on ECG and Hemodynamic Parameters. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Apr 26;6(5). pii: e004448. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004448.
Goldfarb M, Tellier C, Thanassoulis G Review of published cases of adverse cardiovascular events after ingestion of energy drinks. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Jan 1;113(1):168-72. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.08.058. Epub 2013 Oct 4. Review.
Longo N, Frigeni M, Pasquali M Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Oct;1863(10):2422-35. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.023. Epub 2016 Jan 29. Review.
Satoh H Cardiac actions of taurine as a modulator of the ion channels. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;442:121-8.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
