Blood Pressure — The Venous Distension Reflex and Orthostatic Hypertension
Citation(s)
Cui J, Blaha C, Herr MD, Drew RC, Muller MD, Sinoway LI Limb suction evoked during arterial occlusion causes systemic sympathetic activity in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015 Sep;309(5):R482-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00117.2015. Epub 2015 Jul 1.
Cui J, Gao Z, Blaha C, Herr MD, Mast J, Sinoway LI Distension of central great vein decreases sympathetic outflow in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013 Aug 1;305(3):H378-85. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00019.2013. Epub 2013 May 31.
Cui J, Leuenberger UA, Gao Z, Sinoway LI Sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to venous distension in an occluded limb. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Dec;301(6):R1831-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00170.2011. Epub 2011 Sep 21.
Cui J, McQuillan P, Moradkhan R, Pagana C, Sinoway LI Sympathetic responses during saline infusion into the veins of an occluded limb. J Physiol. 2009 Jul 15;587(Pt 14):3619-28. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.173237. Epub 2009 May 26.
Cui J, McQuillan PM, Blaha C, Kunselman AR, Sinoway LI Limb venous distension evokes sympathetic activation via stimulation of the limb afferents in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012 Aug 15;303(4):H457-63. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00236.2012. Epub 2012 Jun 15.
Kario K Orthostatic hypertension-a new haemodynamic cardiovascular risk factor. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013 Dec;9(12):726-38. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.224. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
The Venous Distension Reflex and Orthostatic Hypertension
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
