Almizraq RJ, Seghatchian J, Acker JP Extracellular vesicles in transfusion-related immunomodulation and the role of blood component manufacturing. Transfus Apher Sci. 2016 Dec;55(3):281-291. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.10.018. Epub 2016 Oct 28. Review.
Donati F, Stampella A, de la Torre X, Botrè F Investigation on the application of DNA forensic human identification techniques to detect homologous blood transfusions in doping control. Talanta. 2013 Jun 15;110:28-31. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.042. Epub 2013 Mar 18.
Giraud S, Robinson N, Mangin P, Saugy M Scientific and forensic standards for homologous blood transfusion anti-doping analyses. Forensic Sci Int. 2008 Jul 18;179(1):23-33. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.04.007. Epub 2008 Jun 2.
Krotov G, Nikitina M, Rodchenkov G Possible cause of lack of positive samples on homologous blood transfusion. Drug Test Anal. 2014 Nov-Dec;6(11-12):1160-2. doi: 10.1002/dta.1736. Epub 2014 Oct 20.
Manokhina I, Rupert JL A DNA-based method for detecting homologous blood doping. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 Dec;405(30):9693-701. doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7122-8. Epub 2013 Jul 11.
Ni W, Le Guiner C, Moullier P, Snyder RO Development and utility of an internal threshold control (ITC) real-time PCR assay for exogenous DNA detection. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36461. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036461. Epub 2012 May 3.
Nielsen MH, Beck-Nielsen H, Andersen MN, Handberg A A flow cytometric method for characterization of circulating cell-derived microparticles in plasma. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014 Feb 4;3. doi: 10.3402/jev.v3.20795. eCollection 2014.
Rubin O, Crettaz D, Tissot JD, Lion N Pre-analytical and methodological challenges in red blood cell microparticle proteomics. Talanta. 2010 Jun 30;82(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.04.025. Epub 2010 Apr 22. Review.
Stampella A, Di Marco S, Pirri D, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Donati F Application of DNA-based forensic analysis for the detection of homologous transfusion of whole blood and of red blood cell concentrates in doping control. Forensic Sci Int. 2016 Aug;265:204-10. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.021. Epub 2016 Apr 30.
Straat M, Böing AN, Tuip-De Boer A, Nieuwland R, Juffermans NP Extracellular Vesicles from Red Blood Cell Products Induce a Strong Pro-Inflammatory Host Response, Dependent on Both Numbers and Storage Duration. Transfus Med Hemother. 2016 Jul;43(4):302-305. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
