Bernabeu A, Alfaro A, Garcia M, Fernandez E Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) reveals the presence of elevated myo-inositol in the occipital cortex of blind subjects. Neuroimage. 2009 Oct 1;47(4):1172-6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.080. Epub 2009 May 5.
Marin C, Fernandez E Biocompatibility of intracortical microelectrodes: current status and future prospects. Front Neuroeng. 2010 May 28;3:8. doi: 10.3389/fneng.2010.00008. eCollection 2010.
Maynard EM, Fernandez E, Normann RA A technique to prevent dural adhesions to chronically implanted microelectrode arrays. J Neurosci Methods. 2000 Apr 15;97(2):93-101. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00159-x.
Normann RA, Fernandez E Clinical applications of penetrating neural interfaces and Utah Electrode Array technologies. J Neural Eng. 2016 Dec;13(6):061003. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/6/061003. Epub 2016 Oct 20.
Normann RA, Greger B, House P, Romero SF, Pelayo F, Fernandez E Toward the development of a cortically based visual neuroprosthesis. J Neural Eng. 2009 Jun;6(3):035001. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/6/3/035001. Epub 2009 May 20. Erratum In: J Neural Eng. 2009 Aug;6(4):049802. Greger, Bradley A [corrected to Greger, Bradley].
Warren DJ, Fernandez E, Normann RA High-resolution two-dimensional spatial mapping of cat striate cortex using a 100-microelectrode array. Neuroscience. 2001;105(1):19-31. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00174-9.
Pilot Study for the Development of a Cortical Visual Neuroprosthesis for the Blind Based on Intracortical Microelectrodes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
