Bleeding Peptic Ulcer — Oral Omeprazole in Bleeding Peptic Ulcer
Citation(s)
Barkun AN, Herba K, Adam V, Kennedy W, Fallone CA, Bardou M The cost-effectiveness of high-dose oral proton pump inhibition after endoscopy in the acute treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jul 15;20(2):195-202. Review.
Cheng HC, Sheu BS Intravenous proton pump inhibitors for peptic ulcer bleeding: Clinical benefits and limits. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Mar 16;3(3):49-56. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v3.i3.49.
Laine L, Shah A, Bemanian S Intragastric pH with oral vs intravenous bolus plus infusion proton-pump inhibitor therapy in patients with bleeding ulcers. Gastroenterology. 2008 Jun;134(7):1836-41. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.006. Epub 2008 Mar 10.
Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC Incidence of and mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom. Steering Committee and members of the National Audit of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage. BMJ. 1995 Jul 22;311(6999):222-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
