Bladder Tumors — Laser Treatment of Bladder Tumors in the Outpatient Department
Citation(s)
Davenport K, Keeley FX Jr, Timoney AG Audit of safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of local anaesthetic cystodiathermy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2010 Nov;92(8):706-9. doi: 10.1308/003588410X12699663904835. Epub 2010 Jul 2.
James AC, Gore JL The costs of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2013 May;40(2):261-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2013.01.004. Epub 2013 Feb 13.
Syed HA, Talbot N, Abbas A, MacDonald D, Jones R, Marr TJ, Rukin NJ Flexible cystoscopy and Holmium:Yttrium aluminum garnet laser ablation for recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder carcinoma under local anesthesia. J Endourol. 2013 Jul;27(7):886-91. doi: 10.1089/end.2012.0696. Epub 2013 Jun 22.
Wong KA, Zisengwe G, Athanasiou T, O'Brien T, Thomas K Outpatient laser ablation of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: is it safe, tolerable and cost-effective? BJU Int. 2013 Sep;112(5):561-7. doi: 10.1111/bju.12216. Epub 2013 Jul 2.
Diode Laser Treatment of Pta Low Grade Bladder Tumors in the Outpatient Department
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
