Bipolar Depression — A Prophylactic Trial of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder
Citation(s)
Adams PB, Lawson S, Sanigorski A, Sinclair AJ Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids. 1996 Mar;31 Suppl:S157-61.
Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Cleland LG, James MJ The effect on human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Jan;63(1):116-22.
Chiu CC, Huang SY, Chen CC, Su KP Omega-3 fatty acids are more beneficial in the depressive phase than in the manic phase in patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;66(12):1613-4.
Frangou S, Lewis M, McCrone P Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;188:46-50.
Gertsik L, Poland RE, Bresee C, Rapaport MH Omega-3 fatty acid augmentation of citalopram treatment for patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Feb;32(1):61-4. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823f3b5f.
Goyens PL, Spilker ME, Zock PL, Katan MB, Mensink RP Compartmental modeling to quantify alpha-linolenic acid conversion after longer term intake of multiple tracer boluses. J Lipid Res. 2005 Jul;46(7):1474-83. Epub 2005 Apr 16.
Hibbeln JR, Nieminen LR, Blasbalg TL, Riggs JA, Lands WE Healthy intakes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1483S-1493S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1483S.
Hibbeln JR Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet. 1998 Apr 18;351(9110):1213.
Hibbeln JR Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis. J Affect Disord. 2002 May;69(1-3):15-29.
Khairova RA, Machado-Vieira R, Du J, Manji HK A potential role for pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulating synaptic plasticity in major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009 May;12(4):561-78. doi: 10.1017/S1461145709009924. Epub 2009 Feb 19. Review.
Lin PY, Su KP A meta-analytic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;68(7):1056-61.
McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Stanford KE, Hahn CG, Richtand NM Deficits in docosahexaenoic acid and associated elevations in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2008 Sep 30;160(3):285-99. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.021. Epub 2008 Aug 20.
Murphy BL, Stoll AL, Harris PQ, Ravichandran C, Babb SM, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM Omega-3 fatty acid treatment, with or without cytidine, fails to show therapeutic properties in bipolar disorder: a double-blind, randomized add-on clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Oct;32(5):699-703. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318266854c.
Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Mar;159(3):477-9.
Noaghiul S, Hibbeln JR Cross-national comparisons of seafood consumption and rates of bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;160(12):2222-7.
Peet M, Horrobin DF A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;59(10):913-9.
Peet M, Murphy B, Shay J, Horrobin D Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Mar 1;43(5):315-9.
Ross BM, Seguin J, Sieswerda LE Omega-3 fatty acids as treatments for mental illness: which disorder and which fatty acid? Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Sep 18;6:21. Review.
Simopoulos AP Essential fatty acids in health and chronic diseases. Forum Nutr. 2003;56:67-70. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.