Bacterial Infections — Serum Ceftazidime Concentrations in Hemodialysis Patients
Citation(s)
10 Ngougni Pokem et al. Protein binding of temocillin is lower in plasma from patients in intensive care units compared to healthy subjects: in vitro and in vivo studies ; 28th ECCMID - Session: Clinical pharmacokinetics - poster #P2219.
13 GlaxoSmithKline August 2010. Fortaz (ceftazidime for injection) prescribing information. GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Erstad BL Dosing of medications in morbidly obese patients in the intensive care unit setting. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Jan;30(1):18-32. Epub 2003 Nov 19. Review.
Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE Adjustment of dosing of antimicrobial agents for bodyweight in adults. Lancet. 2010 Jan 16;375(9710):248-51. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60743-1. Epub 2009 Oct 28.
Kollef MH Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the treatment of serious bacterial infections: getting it right up front. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 15;47 Suppl 1:S3-13. doi: 10.1086/590061. Review.
Vandecasteele SJ, Miranda Bastos AC, Capron A, Spinewine A, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F Thrice-weekly temocillin administered after each dialysis session is appropriate for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections in haemodialysis patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015 Dec;46(6):660-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.09.005. Epub 2015 Oct 9.
Wurtz R, Itokazu G, Rodvold K Antimicrobial dosing in obese patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Jul;25(1):112-8. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
