Azoospermia — FSH Treatment for Non-obstructive Azoospermic Patients
Citation(s)
Caroppo E, Niederberger C, Vizziello GM, D'Amato G Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone as a pretreatment for idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril. 2003 Dec;80(6):1398-403.
Hussein A, Ozgok Y, Ross L, Rao P, Niederberger C Optimization of spermatogenesis-regulating hormones in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and its impact on sperm retrieval: a multicentre study. BJU Int. 2013 Mar;111(3 Pt B):E110-4. doi: 10.1111/
Kato Y, Shiraishi K, Matsuyama H Expression of testicular androgen receptor in non-obstructive azoospermia and its change after hormonal therapy. Andrology. 2014 Sep;2(5):734-40. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00240.x. Epub 2014 Jun 12.
Sussman EM, Chudnovsky A, Niederberger CS Hormonal evaluation of the infertile male: has it evolved? Urol Clin North Am. 2008 May;35(2):147-55, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2008.01.010. Review.
Follicle-stimulating Hormone Treatment for Infertile Male Patients With Non-obstructive Azoospermia: a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
