Atrial Fibrillation — Shock Energy for Electrical Cardioversion of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Citation(s)
Boos C, Thomas MD, Jones A, Clarke E, Wilbourne G, More RS Higher energy monophasic DC cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation: is it time to start at 360 joules? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2003 Apr;8(2):121-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1542-474x.2003.08205.x.
ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2005 Dec 13;112(24 Suppl):IV1-203. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166550. Epub 2005 Nov 28. No abstract available.
Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Cervellin G Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: An increasing epidemic and public health challenge. Int J Stroke. 2021 Feb;16(2):217-221. doi: 10.1177/1747493019897870. Epub 2020 Jan 19. Erratum In: Int J Stroke. 2020 Jan 28;:1747493020905964.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
