Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Cianci G, Purcaro A Randomized, controlled trial of long-term moderate exercise training in chronic heart failure: effects on functional capacity, quality of life, and clinical outcome. Circulation. 1999 Mar 9;99(9):1173-82. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.99.9.1173.
Elshazly MB, Senn T, Wu Y, Lindsay B, Saliba W, Wazni O, Cho L Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Exercise Capacity and Mortality in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Insights From Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Oct 31;6(11):e006662. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006662.
Kitzman DW, Brubaker PH, Morgan TM, Stewart KP, Little WC Exercise training in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2010 Nov;3(6):659-67. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.958785. Epub 2010 Sep 17.
Reddy YNV, Carter RE, Obokata M, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2018 Aug 28;138(9):861-870. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646.
Reddy YNV, Obokata M, Verbrugge FH, Lin G, Borlaug BA Atrial Dysfunction in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Sep 1;76(9):1051-1064. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.009.
Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Dec;26(7):1565-74. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00381-9.
Exercise Capacity in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Before and After Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
