Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e24S-e43S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2291. Review. Erratum in: Chest. 2012 May;141(5):1369. Dosage error in article text. Chest. 2013 Aug;144(2):721. Dosage error in article text.
Levinson, D R., & General, I. (2010). Adverse events in hospitals: national incidence among Medicare beneficiaries. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General. Retrieved from https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-06-09-00090.pdf
Levy JH, Spyropoulos AC, Samama CM, Douketis J Direct oral anticoagulants: new drugs and new concepts. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Dec;7(12):1333-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2014.06.014. Review.
Lysogorski MC, Hassan AK, Lampkin SJ, Geisler R The impact of pharmacy monitoring and intervention in patients receiving intravenous heparin. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017 Aug;39(4):844-850. doi: 10.1007/s11096-017-0482-y. Epub 2017 May 15.
Padron M, Miyares MA Development of an anticoagulation stewardship program at a large tertiary care academic institution. J Pharm Pract. 2015 Feb;28(1):93-8. doi: 10.1177/0897190013514091. Epub 2013 Dec 10.
Rose, A (Ed.). (2015). Anticoagulation Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22602-6
Sharma M, Krishnamurthy M, Snyder R, Mauro J Reducing Error in Anticoagulant Dosing via Multidisciplinary Team Rounding at Point of Care. Clin Pract. 2017 Apr 20;7(2):953. doi: 10.4081/cp.2017.953. eCollection 2017 Apr 6.
U S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2014). Anticoagulants. In National Action Plan for Adverse Drug Event Prevention.
World Health organization, W H., & others. (2016). Medication Errors: Technical Series on Safer Primary Care ISBN 978-92-4-151164-3. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/252275/1/9789241511650-eng.pdf
Wychowski MK, Ruscio CI, Kouides PA, Sham RL The scope and value of an anticoagulation stewardship program at a community teaching hospital. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2017 Apr;43(3):380-386. doi: 10.1007/s11239-016-1455-z.
Implementation of Clinical Pharmacist-led Inpatient Anticoagulation Stewardship Program in An Egyptian Tertiary Care Hospital
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
