Atherosclerosis — Preventive Effects of Ginseng Against Atherosclerosis
Citation(s)
Aleshin S, Strokin M, Sergeeva M, Reiser G Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)ß/d, a possible nexus of PPARa- and PPAR?-dependent molecular pathways in neurodegenerative diseases: Review and novel hypotheses. Neurochem Int. 2013 Oct;63(4):322-30. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.012. Epub 2013 Jun 25. Review.
Bao C, Wang Y, Min H, Zhang M, Du X, Han R, Liu X Combination of ginsenoside Rg1 and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;37(3):901-10. doi: 10.1159/000430217. Epub 2015 Sep 18.
Chen LM, Zhou XM, Cao YL, Hu WX Neuroprotection of ginsenoside Re in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2008 May-Jun;10(5-6):439-45. doi: 10.1080/10286020801892292.
He B, Chen P, Yang J, Yun Y, Zhang X, Yang R, Shen Z Neuroprotective effect of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2012 Sep 27;526(2):106-11. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.022. Epub 2012 Aug 19.
Hong KS Blood Pressure Management for Stroke Prevention and in Acute Stroke. J Stroke. 2017 May;19(2):152-165. doi: 10.5853/jos.2017.00164. Epub 2017 May 31. Review.
Liu XY, Zhou XY, Hou JC, Zhu H, Wang Z, Liu JX, Zheng YQ Ginsenoside Rd promotes neurogenesis in rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia via activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2015 Apr;36(4):421-8. doi: 10.1038/aps.2014.156. Epub 2015 Mar 16.
Yang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Liu L, Jing G, Cai H Ginsenoside Rg1 suppressed inflammation and neuron apoptosis by activating PPAR?/HO-1 in hippocampus in rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015 Mar 1;8(3):2484-94. eCollection 2015.
Zhou Y, Li HQ, Lu L, Fu DL, Liu AJ, Li JH, Zheng GQ Ginsenoside Rg1 provides neuroprotection against blood brain barrier disruption and neurological injury in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion through downregulation of aquaporin 4 expression. Phytomedicine. 2014 Jun 15;21(7):998-1003. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.12.005. Epub 2014 Jan 22.
Preventive Effects of Ginseng Against Atherosclerosis and Subsequent Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
